Trying to stave off senior moments with memory drills and similar brain-boosting activities? An evidence review by researchers suggests that these specific training regimes aren't any better than simple conversations at improving memory in older adults.

Some studies show that healthy older adults, and those with mild cognitive impairment, do remember words better after some memory training. However, seniors with memory training don't improve their memory any more than do seniors who participate in a discussion about art, for instance, instead of drilling with a list of words, the review showed.

"Based on published studies, it seems that alternative interventions do just as well as cognitive interventions," says Mike Martin, a psychologist at the University of Zurich and review co-author.

The findings do "not mean that longer, more intense or different interventions might not be effective," says Martin, "but that those which have been reported thus far have only limited effect."

The review appeared in an issue of The Cochrane Library, a publication of the Cochrane Collaboration, an international organization that evaluates medical research. Systematic reviews draw evidence-based conclusions about medical practice after considering both the content and quality of existing medical trials on a topic.

"Most people, although not all, experience a cognitive decline in old age," Martin says. The decline for adults over age 60 can include memory loss and inability to plan, pay close attention, or perform tasks as quickly as before.

The normal rate of decline seems to accelerate in some people, leading to a condition called mild cognitive impairment that some researchers see as a risk factor for developing dementia later in life.

Although several studies have suggested that brain-training exercises could delay or reverse signs of cognitive decline, the studies and the types of training vary considerably, Martin says.

"We need ... better coordinated studies to ultimately determine if and which types of training may prevent cognitive decline in old age," he adds.

Other researchers are exploring another type of training to keep the brain fit: physical activity, from aerobics to balance exercises. For instance, in small studies led by Teresa Liu-Ambrose, of the University of British Columbia, resistance training for older women was associated with improved mental focus. "This has important clinical implications because cognitive impairment is a major health problem that currently lacks a clearly effective pharmaceutical therapy," Liu-Ambrose says.

The researchers reviewed evidence for cognitive training from 36 studies conducted between 1970 and 2007 that included more than 2,200 patients.